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History: A 56-year-old female with pain in the left hip and pelvic area, worse with first motion. Pain has been present for 9 months. Other medical problems include migraine headache and Raynaud’s Disease.

Physical Examination: No pain with left hip rotation. The inner aspect of the left iliac wing is painful with deep palpation.

ELECTRO DERMAL PROFILE

FIRST ITERATION

5/9/01

DETECTION SITES/DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

TW 20 Hypothalamus

Natrum Muriatucum 5X

SV 48 Striated Muscle

Borrelia burgdorferi 3X TIME: 37 years

NV 1b Peripheral and Central Nervous System

Borrelia burgdorferi 3X

NV 1c Spinal Cord and Meninges

Poliomyelitis Virus Type2/Type 3 3x Time: 56 Years

LI 1a-1 Peripheral Motor Nerves of the Upper Extremity T: 137 years Paternal side

HTLV-1 5X

Scrapie 5X Time: 107 years Paternal side

LV 7 Veins of the Legs Isospora belli 3x Time: 74 years Maternal

MIGRAINE HEADACHES

GB 5 Veins of the Head

Isospora belli 3x

RAYNAUD’S DISEASE

SV 91 Auto-immune Process

Plumbum Sulfuricum 3x

CI 9 Arteries

Plumbum Sulfuricum 3x

CI 6 Entire Aorta

Plumbum Sulfuricum 3x

ASSESSMENT

This iteration demonstrates the complex nature of pain. Natrrium Muriaticum is the Pulse-width Equivalent at TW 20, the Hypothalamic Site. This Constitutional State is seen in patients with a low sense of personal esteem who are chronically depressed. The pain in left lower quadrant and hip are associated with Pulse-with Modulated Equivalents for Borrelia burgdorferi at the Skeletal Muscle Site.

The polio signal is identified at the Spinal Cord Site. At this age poliomyelitis has a sensory effect and is associated with pain in the lower extremities.

Scrapie, the frequency associated with HTLV 1, is associated with a Prion neurodegenerative disease. Isospora belli is found in the veins of the leg site and in the veins of the head. In the latter case, protozoa infections of the vein frequently is associated with migraine-like headaches.

Raynaud’s Disease, an autoimmune process, is identified at SV, 91 the Autoimmune Detection Site as well as in the Artery Site and in the site for Entire Aorta. The Pulse-width modulated equivalent at these detection sites is Plumbum Sulfuricum (Lead Sulfate).

Clinical Response: Unchanged.

ELECTRO DERMAL PROFILE

SECOND ITERATION

8/2/01

DETECTION SITES/DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

TW 20 Hypothalamus

Phosphorus 3X

SV 48 Striated Muscle

Borrelia burgdorferi 32X

NV 1c Spinal Cord and Meninges

Poliomyelitis V. Type2/Type 3 15X

LI 1a-1 Peripheral Motor Nerves of the Upper Extremity

Scrapie 5X

HTLV-1 5X

GB 31 Muscles of the Abdomen and Pelvis

Borrelia burgdorferi 32X

MIGRAINE HEADACHES

LI 18c Ophthalmic Anterior and Middle Cerebral Arteries

Propane 3X

ASSESSMENT

The Hypothalamic Pulse-with Equivalent is Phosphorus, a constitutional sate more consistent with pain intolerance. She is not depressed any longer. The potency for Borrelia, Poliomyelitis, HTLV 1 and Scrapie have all increased.

 

ELECTRODERMAL PROFILE

THIRD ITERATION

10/11/01

Interval History: Hip pain, migraine headaches signs and symptoms of Raynaud’s Disease are much improved.

DETECTION SITES/DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

TW 20 Hypothalamus

Phosphorus 12X

SV 48 Striated Muscle

Borrelia burgdorferi 3X,4X,5X,6X, 8X,10X,12X,15,20X,24X,30X

GB31 Muscles of the Abdomen and Pelvis

Borrelia burgdorferi 3X,4X,5X,6X, 8X,10X,12X,15,20X,24X,30X

GB30 Ilium (Pelvic Bone)

Borrelia burgdorferi 3X,4X,5X,6X, 8X,10X,12X,15,20X,24X,30X

NV 1c Spinal Cord and Meninges

Borrelia burgdorferi 3X,4X,5X,6X, 8X,10X,12X,15,20X,24X,30X

ASSESSMET

During this iteration, Borrelia burgdorferi, in multiple potencies, dominated the electro dermal picture.

 

ELECTRO DERMAL PROFILE

FOURTH ITERATION

2/20/02

Interval History: The patient is completely pain free. “I haven’t felt this good in years”

DETECTION SITES/DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

TW 20 Hypothalamus

Phosphorus 32 X

Rheumatoid Factor 3X

Platelet Derived Growth Factor 3X

HPV-12 3x

Clinical Outcome: No pain, full range of motion in all joints. Performance Status: Ambulatory and Asymptomatic. (PS 1)

Electro-dermal Outcome: Electromagnetic code for Borrelia burgdorferi is not detected.

Removing the electromagnetic code for Borrelia burgdorferi

MEDICAL PROFILE

HISTORY: The patient is a 58-year-old male with a history of having had a tick bite in 1984. In the groin, at the site of the tick bite, he developed a classical erythema migrans or “ bull’s-eye” lesion of Borrelia burgdorferi. Skin blisters followed. Heart block, with bradycardia developed in 1989. A pulse sensitive pacemaker was required in 1995.

LABORATORY: At the onset of his disease appropriate titers were obtained for Lyme Borreliosis. Although there was no diagnostic consensus at various laboratories, there was sufficient evidence to recommend treatment with antibiotics.

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: A chronically ill white male with decreased breath sounds on the right posterior base of the lung, associated with percussion dullness. Heart: regular rhythm with a pacemaker. Skin: Acrodermatitis Chronicum Atrophicans on the arms.

TREATMENT: the use of antibiotics he had a transient response of decreasing fatigue and muscle pain, but this was followed by gradual progression of generalized weakness, muscle cramps, and mental fatigue. Dapsone controlled his skin rash, eruptions and blisters. Severe, nausea, loss of balance and dim vision persisted. He continued to have shortness of breath due to paralysis of the diaphragm on the right side.

ELECTRODEMAL PROFILE

FIRST ITERATION

11/27/01

DETECTION SITE/DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

TW 20 Hypothalamus

Bug Spray 4X

DIM VISION

OP 7 Macula

Bug Spray 4X

NAUSEA

ST 44c Celiac Plexus

Borrelia burgdorferi 2X

LU 10d Mediastinal Plexus

Bug Spray

LOSS OF BALANCE

TW 17a Cochlea (Inner ear)

Bug Spray 4X

Borrelia burgdorferi 2X

MUSCULAR WEAKNESS

SV 48 Skeletal Muscles

Borrelia burgdorferi 2X

SKIN RASH AND ATROPHY

SK 2 Skin, Upper body

Borrelia burgdorferi 2X

CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIA

HT6 Myocardium

Borrelia burgdorferi 2X

HT 7a (R) Atrio-ventricular Node

Borrelia burgdorferi 2X

HT 7 (L)(R) Conduction Apparatus

Borrelia burgdorferii 2X

NERVOUS SYSTEM

NV 1b Peripheral and Central Nervous System

Borrelia burgdorferi 2X

HEADACHE

GB 5 Veins of the Head

Borellia burgdorferi 2X

ACRODERMATITIS CHRONICUM ATROPHICANS

SK2 Skin of the Upper Body, Arms and Legs

Borrelia burgdorferi 2X

SK1-1 Lymphatics of the Skin

Borrelia burgdorferi 2X

PARALYSIS, RIGHT DIAPHRAGM

BL 17 Right diaphragm, Superior aspect

Borrelia burgdorferi 2X

ASSESSMENT

This case demonstrates a diffuse distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi Pulse-Digital codes The electromagnetic detection sites at which they are found are consistent with the organ and system sites represented by the clinical location of muscle, skin, heart and circulation.

The code for “Bug spray” (otherwise not characterized) has a neurological distribution involving the hypothalamus, cochlea, autonomic nervous systems sites, and the celiac plexus. This suggests that “Bug spray” is a neurotoxic insecticide, either a chlorinated hydrocarbon, or an acetyl cholinesterase inhibitor such as an organophosphate or a carbamate.

 

ELECTRODERMAL PROFILE

SECOND ITERATION

2/12/02

DETECTION SITE/DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

TW 20 Hypothalamus

Negative*

* no evidence of a conductance disturbance at the detection site

SV 48 Striated Muscle

Negative

HT 6 Myocardium

Negative

HT 7a Bundle of His (R)(L)

Negative

NV 1b Peripheral and Central Nervous System

Negative

CI 8d Circulation, Main Detection Site

Negative

SK 1-1 Skin Lymphatics

Negative

ST 44c Celiac Plexus

Negative

LU 10d Mediastinal Plexus

Negative

ASSESSMENT

A solution, induced with the code for Borellia burgdorferii, restored conductance. 67 days were required to eliminate non-coherence in the conductance pathway produced by Borrelia burgdorferi.

Clinically, he has no fatigue, no dermatitis, and no muscle weakness. He wants to “get on with life”.

 

ELECTRODERMAL PROFILE

THIRD ITERATION

4/1/02

DETECTION SITE/DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

Ht 6 Myocardium, Left Side

Babesia ovis 3X

GB 20 Sympathetic Nerve

Candida rugosa 4X

TW 1a Cervical Sympathetic Ganglia

Candida rugosa 4X

SI 1b-1 Small Intestine, Peritoneal Lymphatics

Candida rugosa 4X

DDT 3X

SK 1-1 Skin lymphatics

Borrelia burgdorferi 60X

CI 8-1 Diaphragm, Abdominal , Inferior, Right Side

Borrelia burgdorferi 60X

OP 7 Macula

Bug Spray 8X

GB 19b Eustachian Tube

Borrelia burgdorferi 60X

Bug Spray 8X

GB 17b Cochlea

Borrelia burgdorferi 60X

ASSESSMENT

Approximately seven weeks after the last iteration, Borrelia burgdorferi 60X is detected. The signal is at ‘60X’ suggesting that case is moving toward completion, that is, the non-coherent code has an effect only at a higher frequency.

The code for Bug Spray, postulated to be a neurotoxic insecticide is detected at OP7, the Macula site, and GB 19b, the Eustachian Tube site.

Babesia co-infects the Lyme tick vector and may be a cofactor in his cardiac symptoms as seen at HT 6 the myocardium site

The code for Candida rugosa 4X and other codes for Candida species are frequently associated with Sympathetic Nervous System Sites, suggesting that this code represents a non-coherent signal that is associated with altered conductance at these sites.

Codes for Candida organisms are very frequently associated with the code for the insecticide DDT at small intestine electromagnetic detection sites.

If the code for  a Candida organism actually represents the intracellular location of the Candida organism as an endobiont, then the non-coherent signal of DDT may have a disturbing effect on the usually cryptic endobiont allowing it to be detected. The postulate is that the normal intracellular endobionts do not produce a conductance disturbance. They are living in electromagnetic harmony with other cytoplasmic endobionts. There is evidence of both Candida rugosa and DDT at SI 1b-1, the small intestinal peritoneal detection site.

The unresolved understanding of this interaction is whether this only represents an electromagnetic phenomenon or whether this represents an intracellular toxic effect of DDT on the candida endobiont that results in the proliferation of the candida endobiont because of a loss of intracellular homeostasis.

In any event, the DDT/Candida interaction has a distant electromagnetic effect on sympathetic nervous system sites.

 

ELECTRODERMAL PROFILE

FOURTH ITERATION

10/23/03

DETECTION SITE/DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

Ht 8c Heart, Main Detection Site

Borrelia burgdorferi 800X

Ht 6 Myocardium

Wolframium Metallicum 3X

Ht 8b Endocardium

Borrelia burgdorferi 800X

SK 1-1 Skin Lymphatics

Borrelia burgdorferi 800X

Ht 8e Cardiac Plexus

Wolframium Metallicum 3X (tungsten)

Plumbum Aceticum 3X

Plumbum Metallicum 3X

ST 10a Parasympathetic Nerves

Wolframium Metallicum 3X (tungsten)

Plumbum Aceticum 3X

Plumbum Metallicum 3X

CI 4a Tunica Media, Arteries

Borrelia burgdorferi 800X

ASSESSMENT

The Borrelia code is 800 X at HT 6 the Myocardium site , HT 8b the Endocardium site  and CI 4a the Tunica Media of the Arteries Site . The Wolframium (tungsten) code has a parasympathetic nerve electromagnetic location suggesting that the Wolframium signal is associated with the parasympathetic division of the cardiac plexus at the myocardium site. Since the Wolframium signal is located at myocardium site, the Wolframium signal may also affect neuromuscular electromagnetic sites as well. Plumbum (lead) Acetate, and Metallic Lead affect only the parasympathetic site of the cardiac plexus, not the neuromuscular sites.

LYME BORRELIOSIS, NEUROLOGICAL COMPLICATIONS

History: a 52-year-old white female with Lyme Borelliosis. She gives a history of having had a tick bite on 5/25/85, 11 years previously with classical erythema chronicum migrans rash. There was a gradual onset of cognitive dysfunction, arthritis, fatigue, dyslexia, memory loss, destructive arthritis, and temporomandibular joint pain. She was treated with Doxycycline from 1992 to 1994 with slight temporary improvement of pain.

Physical Examination: The patient presents with a destructive bone lesion of her right shoulder joint, and with right temporomandibular joint pain.

Laboratory: She was serologically positive for Borrelia in 1985.

ELECTRO DERMAL PROFILE

FIRST ITERATION

2/8/96

DETECTION SITE and DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

TW 20 Hypothalamus

Baryta Carbonicum 4X

LY 1-2 Lymphatics of the Head and Neck

Borrelia burgdorferi 1X

CI 8f Hemo-lymph Nodes

Borrelia burgdorferi 1X

AL 1b Allergy

Borrelia burgdorferi 1X

AR 1b Joints

Borrelia burgdorferi 1X

GV 23-1 Cerebrum

Borrelia burgdorferi 1X

Candida albicans 3X

CI 2 (R) Right Shoulder

Borrelia burgdorferi 1X

AR 3 (R) Temporomandibular Joint

Borrelia burgdorferi 1X

ASSESSMENT

The encrypted signal for Baryta Carbonicum (Barium Carbonate) a homeopathic remedy used for mental weakness and impaired thinking. It is detected at TW 20, a site behind the ear representing the hypothalamus. The functions of the hypothalamus are many, ranging from heat loss to heat conservation, thirst, satiety, water balance, hunger, milk ejection and uterine contraction, circadian rhythms, endocrine activity, emotions, sleep cycles, recent memory, emotions including rage, and autonomic nerve function with both sympathomimetic and parasympathomimetic activity.

Borrelia burgdorferi,a signal for the spirochete causing Lyme disease is detected in sites identified in her clinical history- the cerebrum, right shoulder, right temporomandibular joint.

Candida albicans may be an effect of prior antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease.

 

ELECTRO DERMAL PROFILE

SECOND ITERATION

4/11/96

DETECTION SITE and DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

CI 8f Hemo-Lymph Nodes

Borrelia burgdorferi 200X

AR 3 (R) Temporomandibular Joint

Borrelia burgdorferi 200X

GV 23-1 Cerebrum

Borrelia burgdorferi 200X

ASSESSMENT

Clinical response: There has been a marked decrease of symptoms. She is able to work and support herself financially.

Electro dermal Response: The potency frequency went from 1X to 200X. The increase in potency is an indication of response.

 

ELECTRO DERMAL PROFILE

THIRD ITERATION

12/18/98

Interval History: After being lost to follow-up for 2 years and 8 months, she was admitted to a Psychiatric Hospital with a diagnosis of Schizophrenic Psychosis, stupor, prolonged periods of sleep, heart flutter, chest heaviness and myalgia

DETECTION SITE and DIGITAL CODE IN PLAIN LANGUAGE

TW 20 Hypothalamus

Borrelia burgdorferi 10X

Rickettsia Nosode 15X ( Ehrlichia is a tick borne rickettsia)

GB 17 Reticular Formation

Borrelia burgdorferi 10X

Rickettsia Nosode 15X

Amyl Nitrate 3X

Camphor 3X

Cannabis sativa 3X

Paraquat 3X

Strychnine 3X

SCHIZOPHRENIA

GV 23-1 Cerebrum

Borrelia burgdorferi 10X

Rickettsia Nosode 15X

SLEEPINESS/STUPOR

GB 11 Mesencephalon (Sleep/Wake Center)

Borrelia burgdorferi 10X

Rickettsia Nosode 15X

CHEST HEAVINESSHT 8a Lymphatics of the Pericardium and the sub-pericardium 

Borrelia burgdorferi 10X

Rickettsia Nosode 15X

MYALGIA

SV 48 Skeletal Muscle

Borrelia burgdorferi 10X

Rickettsia Nosode 15X

ASSESSMENT

Initially there was a response of the digital code for Borrelia burgdorferi going from 1X to 200 X, generally a good sign. In the interval when she was lost to follow up, the potency for borellia decreased to 10 X. This would suggest that there has been a recurrence of her Borreliosis. There has also been a change in the location of the Borrelia signals. They are now located in the central nervous system and are associated with schizophrenia, stupor and sleepiness. The sub pericardium and muscle sites are also affected and are associated with symptoms of the heart and muscles.

Ehrlichia coinfects Ixodes scapularis, the tick vector of Lyme borrelosis. Detection of this signal in multiple sites suggests that there may be a coinfection of Ehrlichiosis.

At GB 17, the detection site for the Reticular Formation, several recreational drug signals have been detected: amyl nitrate (poppers), often used to heighten sexual arousal during drug use; Cannabis sativa (marijuana); paraquat an herbicide used for to destroy marijuana;

strychnine, an illegal stimulant used to adulterate cocaine, heroin, LSD, and other street drugs. GB 17 is a good site to locate psychoactive drugs signals.

ADDENDUM

The patient was lost to follow-up, once again. When contacted in March 2001, she was living in another State and was paralyzed from the waist down due to cancer of the lung invading her spinal cord. I was told that she had an aggressive tumor. Since she previously had lymph node and pericardium signal involvement. One would be led to suspect that she had a small cell undifferentiated carcinoma of the lung since they tend to grow in the midline.

It has been my experience that a signal for cancer is frequently associated with a signal for syphilis, a spirochete. Borrrelia burgdorferi is also a spirochete, leading one to suspect that Borrelia may be a co-factor in the genesis of cancer in this case.

Lyme Borreliosis Electrodermal Detection Sites

Detection of codes for Borrelia species obtained during clinical screening

Sites listed:

• By organs and systems
• Accompanied by electromagnetic detection codes in plain language

Musculoskeletal

• SV 48 Skeletal Muscle
• SV 47 Smooth Muscle
• BL 17 Diaphragm, Superior Aspect
• GB 31 Muscles pf the Abdomen and Pelvis
• GB 30 Pelvic Bone
• KI 23 Intercostal muscles

Heart (Neuromuscular)

• HT 6 Myocardium
• HT 7a (Left) Bundle of His
• HT 7a (Right) Atrio-ventricular node
• HT 7 (Left/Right) Conduction apparatus
• HT 8b Endocardium
• HT 8 Mitral Valve, including the base of the valve
• HT 8a Lymphatics of the pericardium and subpericardium

Nervous System

• NV 1b Main Detection Site, Peripheral and Central Nervous System
• ST1 Degeneration in the Head
• GV 23-1 Cerebrum
• GB 17 Reticular Formation
• GB 4 Thalamus
• TW 20 Hypothalamus
• GB 7 Mesencephalon
• GB 11 Diencephalon (Sleep/Wake Center)
• BL 8a Inferior Colliculus
• NV 1c Spinal Cord and Meninges
• ST 44c Celiac Plexus (Autonomic)
• TW 13 Autonomic Innervation of the Skeletal Muscles

Skin

• SK 1-3 Skin, Main Detection Site
• SK 1-1 Lymphatics
• SK 1 Skin, Lower Extremity
• SK 3 Skin, Head and Scalp

Joints

• AR 1c Synovial Membranes of the Joints
• CI 2 Shoulder Joint
• AR 3 Temporomandibular Joint
• SV 72 Sacro-iliac Joint
• LI 16 Finger Joint
• GB 29 Hip Joint
• SV 75 Cervical Vertebra
• SV 73 Thoracic Spine

Circulation

• CI 8d Circulation, Main Detection Site
• GB 5 Veins of the Head
• CI 8f Hemo-Lymph Nodes
• LY 1 Palatine and Deep Cervical Lymph nodes
• NV 1d Microcirculation of the Brain
• CI 4a Tunica Mediia of the Arterial Wall
• CI 8e Thoracic Aorta
• CI 8c Abdominal Aorta
• CI 5 Brachial Artety
• CI 7 Coronary Artery
• CI 8b-1 Capillaries and Venules

Gastrointestinal

• SP 1a (Right) Pancreas, Main Detection Site
• SP 4 (Right) Pancreatic Lipase
• GB 44 (Left) Common Hepatic Duct
• ST 45 (Left) Body of the Stomach

Digitalized Borrelia species in the computer

Worldwide, there are 38 known species

Borrelia:gram-negative, anaerobic, parasitic spirochete, living on mucous membranes, the cause of relapsing fever in humans and animals.

Borrelia berbera=B. recurrentis

Borrelia burgdorferi: agent for Lyme diaesae

Borrelia carteri=B. recurrentis

Borrelia caucasica: agent of relapsing fever in the Caucasus, transmitted by the tick Ornithodoros verrucosus from a reservoir of infection in field mice

Borrelia duttonii: agent of endemic relapsing fever in Central and South Africa, carried by the tick Ornithodoros moubata, transmitted from human to human in saliva

Borrelia hermsii: agent of endemic relapsing fever in western North America, transmitted by the tick Ornithodoros hermsii, which is transported by chipmunks and tree squirrels

Borrelia hispanica: the etiologic agent of endemic relapsing fever in the Iberian peninsula and Northwest Africa, transmitted by the large tick Ornithodoros erraticus, which lives on rodents, reptiles, and amphibian

Borrelia kochii=B. duttoni

Borrelia morganii not listed, may be Morganella morganii

Borrelia novyi =B. duttoni

Borrelia parkeri:an etiologic agent of endemic relapsing fever in the western United States. Burrowing rodents, such as ground squirrels, carry the tick vector, Ornithodoros parkeri, which transmits the organism in its bite

Borrelia persica: an etiologic agent of endemic relapsing fever in Asia and Africa. The organism is transmitted in the bite of the tick vector Ornithodoros tholozani, which is carried by rodents living in caves, stables, and burrows.

Borrelia recurrentis: causative agent of worldwide epidemic louseborne relapsing fever, transmitted by the human body louse, Pediculus humanus. The organism is spread by rubbing infected hemolymph of lice into the skin, as in scratching. The organism produces successive antigenic mutants that cause the clinical relapses. Called also B. berbera, B. carteri, B. novyi, and B. obermeyeri.

Borrelia tillae no currently listed taxonomy

Borrelia turicatae: an etiologic agent of endemic relapsing fever in southwestern United States and Mexico. The organism is transmitted by the bite of the tick Ornithodoros turicata, which is carried by rodents and reptiles

Borrelia venezuelensis:etiologic agent of relapsing fever in Central and South America, transmitted by the tick Ornithodoros rudis, which is carried by monkeys and rodents=B. neotropicalis

Borrelia vincentii=Treponema vincentii. A spirochete associated with acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivia

Comment

In my clinical trials, Borrelia species had the most widespread distribution of bacterial signals. Treponema was detected the largest number of times.

Clinically, borreliosis signal recognition is a common finding when using electrodermal detection technology.

Correction of the borrelia codes is effectively accomplished by using signal induced solutions.

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Lyme Borreliosis

Medical Profile

Borrelia burgdorferi is a fastidious microaerophilic spirochete, the causative bacterium for Lyme borreliosis. Three groups of Borrelia organisms have been cultured. They are collectively called Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. Group 1 (B. burgdorferi sensu stricta) is found in North America; Group 2 (B.garini) and Group 3 (B. afzeldi) are found in Europe and Asia.

The principle vectors are the ticks Ixodes scapularis in the Northeast, Ixodes pacificus in California and Oregon, Ixodes ricinus in Russia, China and Japan. I. Scapularis may transmit Babesia, Ehrlichia and Rickettsia.

Infectivity of the tick is carried out by the tiny nymph stage  in the early summer months. The white-footed mouse is the host for the larva-nymph stage. The white tailed deer, not involved in the life cycle of the spirochete, is the preferred host for the adult Ixodes scapularis tick. Adult ticks occasionally transmit the spirochete to humans in the fall of the year.

Clinical manifestations: Stage 1, localized infection: After an incubation period 3 to 32 days, the initial lesion, erythema migrans (EM) is found at the site of the tick bite. This is an annular lesion with a red border and a central cleared area. Twenty five percent of patients are negative for this reacton. Stage 2, disseminated infection: After infection hematogenous spread with flu-like symptoms develop. Patients complain of headache, fever, chills, arthralgia, myalgia, malaise and fatigue. Cough and sore throat are prominent. Peripheral and central nervous system symptoms may develop after several weeks. Variable cardiac events may occur ranging from first degree A-V block of Wenckebach to complete heart block. Even myocarditis, pericarditis, and left ventricular dysfunction can occur. Musculoskeletal pain is common. Joint pain is usually without swelling. Stage 3, chronic infection: At this stage the joints are most commonly affected, especially the larger joints. Neurological changes, with memory loss, mood changes, and sleep disturbances are the most common symptoms. Severe myelitis (inflammation of the spinal cord) may also occur. A chronic course of neuro-borreliosis resembles the latent effects of another spirochete infection, tertiary neuro-syphilis.

The skin demonstrates acrodermatitis chronicum atrophicans.^1,2

1. Steele A., Lyme borreliosis, Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine 15^th edition, p1061-1064, McGraw-Hill, New York 2001

2. Mégard, F., van Loon F., & Thijens, S., Lyme disease, Infectious Diseases, p 8.19.9-11, Mosby, London, 1999

3. UpToDate © 2007